If you’ve spent time in France, you’ve likely witnessed heated debates in cafés or even with your French friends that make you wonder what the hell is going on. French politics can often seem overwhelming to outsiders but don’t worry, we’re here to break it down for you. From the basics of the Fifth Republic to the recent turmoil of the 2024 legislative elections, here’s everything you need to know to navigate this organized chaos. 

France’s political landscape is at a crossroads. As President Macron grapples with a fractured parliament and Marine Le Pen’s National Rally consolidates its position as the main opposition force, this guide maps how the Fifth Republic’s rules—designed for stability—now fuel crisis. Essential reading for anyone looking to better understand Europe’s second-largest democracy.

The Basics: How France’s Political System Works

At the heart of French politics is the Constitution of 1958, which established the Fifth Republic. Designed by Charles de Gaulle, the leader of France’s résistance during WWII who then became the President in post-war France, the Fifth Republic was meant to bring stability to the political system after decades of frequent government changes.

One article of the Constitution you’ll hear quite often about in France is Article 49.3, a rule that lets the government bypass Parliament to pass laws directly. Using it is considered controversial – rightfully so – as it shuts down democratic debate and prevents elected representatives from voting on important laws.

At the top of this political system is the President, elected every five years in a two-round system. If no one gets more than 50% in the first round, the top two candidates go head-to-head. The President isn’t just a figurehead—they can dissolve Parliament, call referendums, appoint the Prime Minister, command the military, and yes, launch nukes. They also enjoy legal immunity while in office, except for crimes against humanity—because priorities.

The Prime Minister, appointed by the President, handles daily government operations. Then there’s Parliament, which has two chambers:

• • The National Assembly, made up of 577 elected members, is where laws are proposed, debated, and passed.

• • The Senate, with 348 members chosen by local officials, acts more like a cautious editor—able to delay but not veto legislation.

If the National Assembly loses faith in the government, it can call a vote of no confidence and send them packing, which (spoiler alert) has happened recently in December 2024.

France also elects representatives to the European Parliament and holds local elections for mayors and regional councils. These elections often reflect national political trends. On paper, all these elections sound great but in reality, Abstention rates have soared in the past few years, with nearly one in three skipping the second round of the 2022 presidential race.

Major Political Parties – A Breakdown of the Main Players

Unlike the US or the UK, France isn’t a two-party system, which means that the political scene is characterized by shifting alliances, growing polarization, and the rise of new movements. Here’s a detailed look at the main players as of 2025 :

Renaissance : Founded in 2016 by Emmanuel Macron, then Minister of Economics and Finance, Renaissance was created to disrupt the traditional left-right divide by positioning itself as a centrist, pro-European, and pro-reform party. Macron’s vision for Renaissance combines economic liberalism with social progressivism, advocating for business-friendly reforms, labor market flexibility, and reduced public spending. In practice, Macron’s party has in the past few years cashed in heavily on far-right ideas to gain votes from far-right sympathizers.

Rassemblement national (RN): Originally founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen and other neonazi sympathizers (including two former Waffen-SS, yes you heard that right) as the Front National, the party was rebranded in 2018 under Marine Le Pen – his daughter to distance itself from its more extreme past. Today, the RN is a far-right nationalist party that emphasizes French identity, sovereignty, and opposition to immigration and globalization. Key stances include strict border controls, reduced immigration, and prioritizing French citizens for jobs and social benefits. Under Marine Le Pen’s leadership, the RN has softened its image and expanded its appeal, particularly among working-class voters and rural communities. 

La France Insoumise (LFI): Founded in 2016 by Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a former Socialist Party member, La France Insoumise (LFI) is a left-wing movement that combines anti-neoliberalism, environmentalism, and social justice. The party advocates for the preservation of public services, ecological planning, and wealth redistribution. It also places a strong focus on climate action, including a Green New Deal and transitioning to renewable energy. 

Mélenchon’s charismatic leadership has energized young voters and working-class communities, you could say he is the Bernie Sanders of France. In the past few years, LFI has become the leading force on the French left, forming the core of the NUPES coalition (New Ecological and Social People’s Union) in 2022.

Les Républicains (LR): Founded in 2015 as the successor to the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), it represents the traditional right-wing in France. The party emphasizes economic liberalism, social conservatism, and a pro-business agenda. Key stances include support for free markets, tax cuts, and reducing public debt, as well as conservative positions on issues like immigration, law and order, and national identity. To give you an idea, most members of this party opposed the law opening marriage to same-sex couples back in 2012. 

Once a dominant force in French politics, LR has struggled to maintain relevance in the face of Macron’s rise and Le Pen’s far-right appeal. LR remains divided over its future direction, with some members advocating for closer ties with Macron’s coalition and others pushing for a harder line against both Macron and Le Pen. This internal division has weakened the party’s ability to present a unified front.

The Socialist Party (PS) : Founded in 1969, and long represented the center-left in France. The party advocates for social justice, workers’ rights, and a strong welfare state, with key stances including progressive taxation, public investment, and protecting workers’ rights. On social issues, the PS is progressive, supporting LGBTQ+ rights, gender equality, and secularism. The party is also strongly pro-EU, advocating for a social Europe that protects workers and the environment. 

Once a dominant force under François Hollande, the PS has seen its influence collapse since Macron’s rise. Despite its decline, the party continues to play a role in local politics and remains a key player in the broader left-wing coalition.

The Greens (EELV): Founded in 1984, the Greens (EELV) focus on green politics, eco-socialism, and sustainability. The party advocates for a Green New Deal, transitioning to renewable energy, and reducing carbon emissions. On social issues, EELV is progressive, supporting gender equality, minority rights, and social welfare. While pro-EU, the party is critical of its current economic policies, calling for a greener and more socially just Europe. 

The Greens have gained traction in recent years but internal divisions and competition with other left-wing factions have limited its ability to expand its influence.

Did you know?

An essential point to understand French political parties and their positions is to grasp the left/right spectrum. In France, this divide is generally dated back to 1789, during the Etats Généraux, when King Louis XVI summoned a meeting with the three Estates of French society – the clergy, the nobility and the commoners. Those in favor of religion and the King sat on the right, those against on the left. When the first National Assembly was formed two years later, the spectrum remained with on the left side, the revolutionaries and on the right side, those in favour of the monarchy. Ever since, this divide has evolved through different eras and despite many political observers arguing that there is no fixed essence about this simplistic political spectrum, it remains steadfast through various contexts.

What’s Been Happening Recently? A Timeline of Turmoil

2017: Macron’s Election and Political Shake-Up

Emmanuel Macron’s victory in 2017 marked a historic shift in French politics. His newly formed centrist party, La République En Marche!, disrupted the traditional dominance of the Socialist and Republican parties. This change reflected a widespread desire for political renewal and reform, as voters sought alternatives to established political forces. Macron’s win led to a decisive victory in the subsequent legislative elections, cementing his party’s influence and reshaping the political landscape.

2022 Presidential Election: Polarization and Macron’s Re-election

Macron’s re-election in 2022 highlighted the deepening polarization in French society. The strong performances of Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally and Jean-Luc Mélenchon’s leftist movement underscored the growing divide between right and left ideologies. This polarization presented significant challenges for Macron’s second term, as he needed to address the concerns of a divided electorate while navigating a fragmented political landscape. The election results reflected the increasing influence of more radical views, leading Macron’s party to pander to far-right narratives.

2024 Legislative Election: Hung Parliament and Political Crisis

The 2024 legislative election resulted in a hung parliament, with the left-wing New Popular Front (NFP) securing the most seats but no clear majority. This outcome plunged France into political instability, as forming a stable government became challenging. Macron’s decision to delay appointing a new prime minister until after the 2024 Summer Olympics exacerbated the crisis. The government eventually collapsed due to a motion of no confidence, highlighting the fragility of the political system and the difficulty in reconciling diverse political interests.

2024-2025: Multiple Governments and Economic Turmoil

From 2024 to 2025, France experienced significant political instability, with four different governments in power within a short period. This instability had profound economic implications, including a worsening deficit and delayed budget bills. The political turmoil negatively impacted investor confidence, raising concerns about France’s economic future and its ability to maintain stability. The frequent changes in government highlighted the challenges of implementing coherent policies and addressing economic uncertainties in a politically divided landscape. The latest twist came on March 31, 2025, when Marine Le Pen, the main figure of the Rassemblement National, was found guilty of misappropriation of public funds and given a five-year ineligibility sentence.

As of 2024, France’s political landscape remains highly fragmented, with no single party able to dominate the National Assembly. Macron’s Renaissance party has lost its majority, forcing him to navigate a complex and often hostile parliamentary environment. The rise of the far-right RN and the growing influence of the far-left LFI have further polarized French politics, while traditional parties like LR and the PS continue to struggle for relevance. The coming years will likely see continued volatility, with debates over immigration, economic reform, and France’s role in Europe shaping the future of French democracy.